The
New World Order
Episode
IV
Tomasz Daniec
Doctor of Fine Arts
degree in the artistic discipline of Fine
Arts was
granted on the basis of doctoral thesis
”Peryferia”
– cykl grafik (“Outskirts” - the
prints cycle) , by the resolution of
the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Graphic Arts of the Academy of
Fine Arts in Cracow as of 19 November, 2009.
He is professionally
associated with the Faculty of Graphic Arts of the Academy of Fine
Arts in Cracow:
2012 – to date –
Vice-Dean,
2011 – to date – Head
of Drawing Studio 2,
2010 - 2011 – PhD
educator in the Copperplate Studio headed by Prof. Stanisław Wejman,
1997 - 2010 – teaching
assistant in the Copperplate Studio.
Pursuant to art. 16
sect. 2 of
the Act amending the Act – Law on higher education as of 18 March,
2011, the Act on scientific degrees and scientific title as well as
degrees and the title in the field of art as well as amending other
acts. (Journal of Laws, 2011, No 84, div. 455, No 112, div. 654.), I
indicate the graphic cycle entitled ”Nowy
Porządek Świata (The New World Order)”
as the achievement aspiring to fulfil their formal requirements.
* * *
The
series ”Nowy Porządek Świata (The
New World Order)”, which is the
object of this habilitation paper, consists of eleven aquatints:
NOM,
2010, 60 x 100 cm;
NOL
(UFO), 2010, 60 x 100 cm;
Sepsis,
2010, 120 x 100 cm;
Eugenika,
2010, 120 x 100 cm;
Dym, 2010,
60 x 100 cm;
Bilderberg,
2011, 120 x 100 cm;
Trwoga,
2011, 60 x 100 cm;
Ropa,
2011, 120 x 100 cm;
WTC, 2011,
60 x 100 cm;
Fukushima,
2011, 60 x 98 cm;
Sztuczna mgła,
2012, 120 x 100 cm,
and it is a part of the
major work additionally including twenty-two oil paintings:
Erupcja, 2010, 60 x 60 cm;
NWO, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Chemtrials, 2012,
59 x 59 cm;
Trinity, 2012, 60
x 60 cm;
Nevada, 2010, 61 x 61 cm;
Bez tytułu [3], 2010, 61 x 61 cm;
Roswell, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Nieznana forma życia, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Bez tytułu [8], 2010, 61 x 61 cm;
F-16, 2010, 61 x 61 cm;
Ropa, 2011, 60 x
60 cm;
Bagdad, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Kursk, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
WTC, 2011, 61 x 61 cm;
Kabul, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Zamieszki na tle rasowym, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Maszyna do robienia mgły, 2011, 61 x 61 cm;
Helium, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Żniwiarz, 2011, 60 x 60 cm;
Arabska wiosna, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Oburzeni, 2012, 60 x 60 cm;
Bez
tytułu [7], 2010, 60 x 60 cm.
Despite
content kinship of the prints and the canvases which played a
decisive role in placing them within one cycle and the similarity of
some works in the iconographic sphere (aquatints ”Trwoga”
and ”Ropa” correspond
to the oil paintings ”Bez tytułu [8]”
and also – “Ropa”),
I was never convinced that the division, though with the
technological connotation, of the work into paintings, ascribed to
the graphic set, and those belonging to the pictorial collection,
should be abandoned. So, we deal here with two independent sets
which are totally autonomous, although they concern one problem and
complement each other.
In relation with
the autonomy of both parts of the cycle I would like to strongly
stress that the object of this habilitation paper, presenting the
description of my artistic output and achievements, is exclusively
the set of eleven aquatints entitled the “Nowy
Porządek Świata”. Pursuant to the
Act amending the Act – Law on higher
education as of 18 March, 2011, the Act on scientific degrees and
scientific title as well as degrees and the title in the field of art
as well as amending other acts. (Journal of Laws, 2011, No 84, div.
455, No 112, div. 654.), the
specification of awards, exhibitions and publications aiming at
proving my significant contribution to the development of artistic
discipline of Fine Arts and
my meaningful artistic activity shall only refer to this set.
* * *
Before I focus on
fulfilling my duties, let me digress a little on the number of
paintings in ”Nowy Porządek Świata”,
treated as a collection of two sets: the graphic and the painting
ones, constituting the integer of 33. It belongs to a sizeable group
of numbers which is associated with a symbolic meaning, making it
distinct from the other, by a variety of occult, esoteric,
Kabbalistic and Satanist associations. According to my knowledge,
this number is associated, for example, with the transformation of
the ”good” Lucifer’s pentagram into the ”bad” Satanist
Samaela-Lilith pentagram,
which consists in turning the former one by 33 degrees. In turn,
according to some sources, the 33rd degree has a special meaning in
the Masonic symbolism of the Grand
Orient where it is the highest and
perfect level of initiation. In esoteric tradition the number of 33
alongside other numbers, consisting of the same digits, is defined as
the “master number” – I have no idea what is the reason for
that. However, please, focus your attention that the number of
aquatints - 11, and canvasses - 22, also make the “master numbers”.
Their juxtaposition gives the 1:2 ratio, used as the ratio of the
width to the length of the Polish military flag, the flag of the
Russian Federation from 1937 to 1993, British Union
Jack, flags of Ireland, Guyana, the
Philippines, Samoa, Honduras, Croatia,
Montenegro and now defunct Yugoslavia,
Latvia, Belarus, Dagestan, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Democratic and later
the Islamist Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Kalmykia,
Chukchi Autonomous District, Ingushetia, Hawaii, Gagauzia Autonomous
Territory, and a few more countries which are for us exotic, as well
as ingredients of the medicinal cocktail of carrot and spinach by
Prof. Tombak. According to this ratio, the total number of the ”New
World Order” painting cycle may be
juxtaposed with the number of 66 – also the “master” one, which
closes up the numeric string of the “Terminal”
series created in 2004 - 2006.
I
would like to stress here that I have not planned the execution of
just eleven prints and twenty-two paintings. In mid-August 2012, a
few days after completing the last painting about which I was
convinced that it should appear in the collection, I broke the fifth
metacarpal bone of the right hand. So, I was unable to continue my
work on the cycle which should have been larger as I had assumed till
that moment. After two-year work on the series whose theme is the
conspiracy theory of history, this unusual course of events cannot be
a haphazard…
* * *
I am
sorry for this not so serious digression which, I think, introduces
us in a light way in the paranoiac mood of this endeavour, and I come
back to the specification which should describe the formal
requirements which the Act imposes on the habilitation paper.
As I underlined
above, they will concern eleven aquatints included in the graphic
part of the ”New World Order”.
Awards:
2011 – Guanlan International Print
Prize for „NOL (UFO)” – at: 3rd
Guanlan International Print Biennial,
Guanlan, Shenzhen, China;
2012 – Grand Prix for
the set „Sepsis”, „Bilderberg”, „Sztuczna
mgła” – at: 8th Polish Print
Triennial, Katowice, Poland.
Publications and Exhibitions:
2012 – Tokyo Print 2012 /
International Print Exhibition, Japan Print Association,
Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, Japan;
2012 – International Print
Triennial, Cracow, Poland; ISBN 978-83-88890-52-9
2012 – Grafika i edukacja. Polskie
uczelnie artystyczne, Cracow, Poland;
ISBN 978-83-62321-46-9
2012 – International Print
Exhibition, Yunnan, China; ISBN 978-7-5489-0780-0
2012 – 8th
Polish Print Triennial, Katowice, Poland; ISBN 978-83-88254-69-7
2012 – Fusion / International
Contemporary Intaglio Print Invitation Exhibition,
Guanlan, China; ISBN 978-988-16336-4-4
2012 – Daniec - Świętek,
Koszarowa 19 Gallery, Academy of Fine Arts, Katowice, Poland;
ISBN 978-83-61424-47-5
2011 – 3rd
Guanlan International Print Biennial, Guanlan, Shenzhen, China;
ISBN 978-7-5039-5069-8
2011 – International Print
Triennial Imprint 2011, Warsaw, Poland;
ISBN 978-83-61558-73-6
* * *
I mentioned above about
”technological” connotations, playing a decisive role in the
division of the cycle into graphic and painting sets. It seems– and
this is a generally accepted opinion – that the graphic domain
called printmaking, and the metal techniques in particular, is the
discipline where the technological aspect has a specific if not a
dominant role among the components consisting of the creative
process. Due to – as it is believed – the key position of the
technology in the act of creating an image, this factor stands out
graphics from other domains of visual art, particularly from
traditional ones.
I believe that such
a statement – being almost a canon in formulating statements on
graphic or broadly understood artistic activities – cannot be
accepted uncritically. It seems that it has been formulated by people
which came into contact with graphics in terms of theory, but they
have not deepened their knowledge on its practical part. As a person
aspiring to be named a professional, I believe that this canon is a
faulty and far from truth. In order to justify my opinion I have to
adopt a personal point of view according to which technology is
totally transparent in the process of creating an image. The
transparency of the intaglio technique equals the transparency of the
drawing, painting or other techniques, which become, simply speaking,
an element of the formal language of the artistic message. You may
use it in a variety of ways, including in an awkward one if the
knowledge is inadequate. The skilful use of the language does not
mean, of course, that the process of creation of the image is
deprived of the element of a surprise, unpredictability or, finally,
incompatibility with the initial vision, or not accomplishing the
assumptions. All of those extremely valuable and desirable phenomena
which reveal the mystery of
the creative processes do not result from technological incapacity.
Preserving the remnants of the common sense, I am not tempted to try
to find the answer to the question: what is the Mystery
and from what it results?
If the question on the
identity of graphics matters at all, I would be tempted to adopt the
view that the matrix is a decisive element. Being reluctant to any
definitions I believe that attempts at defining graphics going beyond
this most important element for my part involve the question what
graphics can be, but does not have to be.
* * *
All of the prints
from the ”New World Order”
cycle have been executed in the aquatint technique. Grains deposited
on the metal surface with the use of pressurized bitumen mass
intended for maintenance of car chassis were the main method of its
application. The use of this method, rapid but quite aggressive in
comparison with classical way consisting in free dropping of powdered
rosin on the surface of the matrix placed in the box, seemed to me
necessary for eliciting a simple feedback of what was supposed to be
on the images with what they were supposed to concern. In other
words, I insisted on the interaction between the following spheres:
formal, iconographic and meaningful.
I am inclined to
claim that the image speaks its own language, and its translation
into the verbal language is associated with inevitable loss of its
artistic message which is not subject to such a translation. However,
in the discussed series there is such a sphere which requires broader
discussion, i.e. its content.
In the further
part of this paper I would like to concentrate on the reference areas
of the ”New World Order”.
“¿Quién
carajo hizo esto? – balbuceó, conteniendo la náuesea.
– Yo qué sé –
dijo el churre –. Por qué me carajea a mí, qué culpa tengo.
Agradezeca que fuera a visarle.”
Mario Vargas
Llosa “¿Quién mató a Palomino Molero?”
Prologue
The desire to
understand the mechanisms governing the world and your own role in it
is the basis of human consciousness. It assemblies all accessible
information into a possibly the most coherent vision of reality. If
accessible knowledge, based on the facts is not sufficient for its
fulfilment, culture which fills in the shortcomings of the conception
built only on empirical experience turns out to be a useful tool. In
this sense, culture in its entirety is an adaptative tool to the
conditions of existence.
The more elements of the
observed reality cannot be convincingly explained on the basis of
verifiable information, the more chaos and uncertainty are included
in the conception of the world built in such a manner.
It
becomes a conflict with the tendency to discover order and rules.
Their knowledge is the condition for the human existence. The
consciousness which does not know the rules of the world where it
exists is doomed for failure. If the rules cannot be discovered, it
creates its own ones which should correspond to the reality as they
are verified.
The
verification may be a long process within which the rules not
corresponding to the truth are rejected (sometimes painfully as the
falls of civilisations, religions, nations) and replaced by others.
It is a constant process. History of culture shows that there are no
rules which do not undergo verification. So, even rules deemed as
true shall remain to be true till new rules, which shall be
discovered, undermine them.
Initially,
the concept of the world probably did not assume the distinction of
the empirical knowledge and the one independent from experience. Such
a distinction emerged with the development of beliefs: the world of
the living and the world of the dead, the people and the animalistic
spirits, mortals and gods, etc. The boundaries of those spheres were
open and those worlds could permeate each other.
Originally,
the forces governing the world acted explicitly: in the “Iliad”
gods openly engage in the two sides of the conflict in order to
gradually stay behind the scenes and from there to pull strings:
Oedipus is no longer aware of the incumbent curse on him.
In
Judaism and Christianity the work of forces behind the scenes served
comforting the misfortunate human existence. It fulfilled the desire
to throw away the responsibility for failures and misfortunes to
independent factors which could not be influenced, and it promised
post-mortal compensation. But, the social elite, as usual, found
justification for their privileged status. You can notice the process
of removing the causative forces in the sphere of unattainable
cognition in those religions: Adam directly speaks to God, Biblical
patriarchs only hear the voice, they see the burning bush or other
miraculous signs, or they receive instructions “from above” by
the mediation of angelic messengers. After the death of Jesus, they
receive only oral or written communications, or vague revelation.
As
the rules developed by religions were verified and the number of
available information significantly increased which often was
incompatible, the view of the reality became more and more complex
and more and more difficult to grasp totally within a uniform
concept. Continuously growing amount of data, whose understanding
required more and more expertise, led to emerging of theories which
explained the past and on-going phenomena by the work of secret
forces, conspiring behind the façade of the official versions of
events.
The
conspiracy theory of history, in its full form and with its many
aspects existing nowadays, was born in 18th c. This age may be called
the beginning of the modern era. Only then with the recognition of
natural and social sciences, the systematization of cartography,
Alessandro Malaspina’s, de Bougainville’s, Cook’s or Alexander
von Humboldt’s expeditions, the creation of newspapers, the
Declaration of Independence, the French Revolution and final
domination of Western culture and economy over other civilizations,
the boundaries of the world were clearly marked. Also then, with the
expansion of the British Empire, domination over the world by one
state or a powerful organization became possible. Before the 18th c.
the emerging of a global conspiracy would not be possible. It was in
this century when the Templars, Masons, Jesuits, Jews and the
Illuminates became classic heroes of the conspiracy theories.
The Templars
On 15 July, 1099,
the army of the First Crusade, led by Godfrey de Bouillon, captured
Jerusalem. A small group of knights who took part in the expedition
and who were the youngest sons of good, but poor families and did not
have interesting prospects for returning home, decided to stay there
and establish an order of knights to protect pilgrims coming to the
Holy Land. They called themselves Fratres
Militiae Templi, Pauperes Commilitones Christi Templique Salomonis
– The Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of
Salomon.
In
1118, 1119 or 1120, Hugues de Payens, a knight from the Champagne,
and his companions made vows of poverty, chastity, obedience and the
fight for the faith by the Cistercian rule before the patriarch of
Jerusalem. They received Al-Aqsa mosque, standing on the Temple
Mount, which was later rebuilt as a church, and a castle located
nearby, which became their headquarters, from Baldwin II, King of
Jerusalem.
Thanks
to numerous money and land donations the order soon became rich. Its
members proved to be good soldiers, managers and merchants. Retaining
personal poverty, they became first Christian ship owners and
bankers. When in 1291 the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell, the Templars,
deprived of their headquarters, moved to Cyprus and then to France.
At
that time after the costly wars for the territory of the Aquitaine
and Flanders the King of France and Navarre Philip IV called the Fair
by all means tried to fill the empty treasury. He tried to collect
inter alia taxes from clergy which led the Pope Boniface VII to
outrage and then to threaten the king with excommunication. Philip
the Fair withdrew from his plans, but he ordered his counsellor
William of Nogaret to prepare an accusation aiming at discrediting
the Pope. Nogaret resorted to the traditional set of accusations
then: heresy, simony, contacts with the devil and sodomy. He also
added his own accusation that Boniface believed that the French have
no souls. Surely, not all of the allegations were true, but some of
them had to be so compelling that after imminent death of Boniface,
Philip was able to push through the election of one of his supporters
as a new Head of the Apostolic See
which in 1309 moved to
Avignon. Pope Clement V, being dependent from the king, approved all
of his ideas, also including the recovery of the immense debt which
Philip the Fair made in the Templars at the time when Boniface VIII
was leading the See of Saint Peter.
The charges against the Templars were made by the abbot of
Montfaucon, Esquien de Floyran. He also used the typical set of
accusations at that period, cast on all political opponents, this
time supplemented with infanticide, denial of Christ, desecration of
the cross, worship of idols in the form of a cut head, cats and
Baphomet, conspiring with the Saracens and the practice of usury. As
a result of the process many members of the order were imprisoned,
tortured and executed, including almost all of its superiors. Grand
Master, Jacques de Molay, confessed the alleged crime while tortured.
When later he recanted his testimony, the king ordered to burn him at
the stake. The judgement was executed in Paris on 18 March, 1314. In
the same year Philip the Fair suffered a stroke and died afterwards.
After his death Clement V proclaimed the innocence of the order, but
considering it to be too discredited to perform original functions,
he decided to dissolve it.
The legend about the de Molay’s curse, cast from
the stake on the Capetian dynasty, and the Holy Grail, guarded by the
Templars, was the XVII century product. The myth about the roots of
the masonry, established by the Templars, who fled from persecution
to Scotland, officially appeared on 21 March, 1737. Cavalier Andrew
Michael Ramsay, one of the founders of the Scottish Rite in France,
mentioned it in his speech delivered before the Grand Lodge.i
Masons
For
a young Association, which Freemasonry was in the first half of the
18th century, the idea of relatedness to the medieval order of
Knights was extremely tempting. The first Scottish lodges have
developed good business only about 1717, and when twenty years later
they began to accept rich burghers in their ranks, the demand for
the noble and an ancient pedigree grew rapidly. Freemasonry was born
in the bosom of Catholicism after 1688, when the unpopular Catholic
King of England, James II Stuart, was deprived of the throne by his
Protestant son-in-law William II of Orange and fled to France under
the protection of Louis XIV. He shared efforts to regain the throne
with cultivating the rite of Rose
Croix de Heredim de Kilwinning
which was popular among its Scottish and Welsh supporters.
One
of the first masons operating in France was Charles Radclyffe, lord
Derwentwater. He founded the first French lodge in Dunkirk, in
addition to the English and Irish emigration, associating with local
supporters of the Stuarts. When Derwentwater returned to his homeland
to fight back against the new dynasty, Louis Antoine de Pardaillan,
the Marquis de Gondrin, became the head of the French Freemasonry,
and later was accused of being an agent of the Society of Jesus,
having the task of arousing conflicts and breaking down the
Freemasonry. In 1743, count Louis de Bourbon-Conde became the next
Grand Master. The Association was then divided into clashing
fractions, for the time being only in polemics. In 1765, celebration
of the winter solstice ended with a fight of members of various
lodges and obedience, forcing the head of the Parisian police,
Gabriel de Sartine, who was himself a Freemason, to issue a ban on
organising meetings. In 1771, Louis-Philippe of France, Prince of
Orleans, took up the direction of the Grand Lodge.
He was to direct
Freemasonry to
prepare and carry out the Grand Revolution, as a result of which the
power would be in his hands.
According
to supporters of the conspiracy theories, La
Révolution française is
the most significant achievement of Freemasonry. The action of secret
forces in a conspiracy against the monarchy arose with particular
clarity in the two most important events at the beginning of the
revolution and the decisive battle for its survival: the capture of
the Bastille, the attack on the Versailles and the defeat of ravenous
women coming for the relief of the King, i.e. the Austro-Prussian
army at the battle of Valmy.
Storming
of the Bastille was actually initiated by the supporters of Duke of
Orleans, and we should look for his motives in his ambitions to take
over some of the nominal influence of Louis XVI and the strengthening
of his position in reform circles. The dismissal of the Royal
Minister of the Treasury, contrary to the recommendations of States
General
was the pretext that sparked concern in Parisians. It was a Swiss
banker Jacques Necker, who was leading unreasonable credit policy and
ruined the French economy, but gained a huge popularity among
merchants and artisans. Residents of the capital believed that the
King seeks a way to dissolve the Parliament and send its members to
their provinces by this dismissal. The fourteenth of July 1789, the
angered crowds gathered in the gardens of the Palais Royal, before
the Prince's residence, the place occupied before by prostitutes and
unemployed people. The prince’s agitator Camille Desmoulins spoke
to them, bringing the vision of the pogrom which the squads of the
guard of Louis XVI would make to the reformers, led the crowds to
boiling. The incited crowd marched to the Bastille, for the first
time openly denouncing obedience to the King. At the news of
capturing the fortress, the monarch urged Necker to see again about
the public finances.
In
October they were in such a terrible condition, that there were not
enough means for the purchase of grain for the people of the capital.
Desperate crowds arriving to Versailles from Paris, took Louis and
Marie Antoinette out of the Palace and led them back to the city,
keeping "under guard by the people" in the Tuileries
Palace. The fate of the King was not yet decided. The Jacobin party
led by Robespierre, fearing conflict with the rest of the European
countries, resisted Marat’s and Danton 's aspirations to the
immediate overthrowing the monarchy. The Legislative Assembly began
work on introduction of the monarchic-parliamentary system, developed
on the basis of the Constitution adopted by the States-General. The
System survived less than a year, because on 15 July 1792, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian forces, Charles Wilhelm, Duke of
Brunswick, announced the armed intervention in the case the Royal
family would suffer even the least insult. This declaration was
considered the proof of conspiring with foreign powers by Louis. The
revolutionaries stormed the Tuileries Palace, lunched the service,
soldiers and members of the Court, and the Royal couple was sent to
prison. Before this occurred, Louis XVI signed the declaration of
war, the act directed against his relative, the Emperor of Austria.
He reckoned that the weak Republican Army would quickly be defeated
by the enemy, which should soon occupy France and restore him to
power.
On
20 September, 1792, an event which played a decisive role in the
success or collapse of the revolution occurred. The French troops and
the Prussian-Austrian forces faced each other in the village of
Valmy. The course and the result of the battle was considered
suspicious by many. Formed from fresh recruitment, the unskilled
Republican infantry fled before the Prussians, who, showered with
bullets of French cannon, left on the field only 184 killed. Despite
this the army of Prussia, then the most effective in Europe,
withdrew, leaving the French a free field. The explanation of such
events was the access of the commanders-in-chief of both armies,
General Dumouriez and Charles Wilhelm to the Masonic lodge. The
Prince, highly placed in the structures of Freemasonry, could accept
his own defeat, serving the implementation of the Pan-European
conspiracy, from the hand of General, the sycophant of the Duke of
Orleans, the Grand Master of the French lodge.
There
is, however, another explanation of the reason of the victory of the
theoretically weaker French over the disciplined army of the
opponent. Each of the army, facing each other, had something that the
opponent did not have. In the absence of the officer corps, whose
well-born members fearing reprisal just fled to the Court of the
Roman Catholic Emperor of Austria, the French were led by talented
non-commissioned officers who desired military fame. The
revolutionary army had well-organised artillery, equipped with just
improved light canons. The opponent, except the French and Prussian
immigrants who were faithful to the King, dragged a dysentery
epidemic. Duke of Brunswick, who commanded the Austrians who suffered
from diarrhoea problems and dehydration, was glad of the fact of
losing, because it gave him an excellent excuse to tactical retreat
and the chance for a quick treatment in the family estate.
As
a result, apart from the fact that there is no evidence on the access
of Dumouriez and Charles Wilhelm to any of the lodges, the
description of the above events does not provide grounds for the
findings that Freemasonry stood behind the French Revolution.
However, as any conspiracy theory this story "nicely closes"
by sending the Royal family to a former medieval fortress of the
Templar Knights Order, known as the Temple. There, it was waiting for
the process, as a result of which Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were
guillotined.ii
Adam
Weishaupt was born on 6 February 1748 in Ingolstadt in Bavaria. He
was educated at the Jesuits, but from his early years he remained
under the influence of his grandfather, the Headmaster of the local
primary school, a libertine and anticlerical. After graduation he
applied for inclusion in the Department of Canon Law at the local
University, which he managed, finally, to take over in 1775. He
quickly fell into conflict with the Catholic authorities of the
University, which accused him of teaching rationalism and deism. His
unwillingness to Catholicism, and especially the Jesuits, learned in
the junior secondary school, made him feel that he needed to organise
a party, which would support him in academic conflicts. Masons, being
watched closely, have lost their aura of mystery surrounding them. On
1 May, 1776, he founded an association called Bund
der Perfektibilisten
(the Order Perfecting the Knowledge), whose members called themselves
the Illuminates.
In the beginning, it consisted of five people. After three years, it
established lodges in four Bavarian cities, and 54 participants took
part in its meetings. The ideology of the Group contained elements of
republicanism and the philosophy of John James Rousseau, whose books
were banned in Bavaria then. It rejected all forms of occultism,
cabbalistic and esoteric practices, relying mainly on the
Enlightenment rationalism. Despite these declarations, Weishaupt, a
staunch opponent of the Jesuits, established a hierarchical structure
of his grouping, following the principles of the Society of Jesus,
deemed then, just after its dissolution, an extremely dangerous
conspiracy.
In
1777, Weishaupt, together with other Illuminates joined the Theodor
zum guten Rath
Masonic Lodge, with the intent to subjugate the already stabilized
Freemasonry. However, as a person deprived of financial resources,
the real power and – above all – life experience, he was not able
to realize his plan. Just the influence by the idea of Baron Adolf
von Knigge, a wealthy man and known in the milieu of the German
masons, has boosted revenues and the Association development. Baron
brought to it the prestige of the aristocrat, and also signs of
lavishness and luxury, so that in a short time it reached the number
of over five hundred members. Finally, after capturing the Masonic
Lodges existing in the surrounding princedoms, the Illuminates soon
had 266 chapters.
In
1782, during the great international congress of the Masonic order in
Wilhelmsbad, Weishaupt and Kniegge announced that the Illuminates
were the only true Freemasonry. The Association already gained so
high reputation that most of the participants joined it. Many
prominent Freemasons, including Goethe, whose Faust
is the history of the later disillusioned ex-adept, became the
Illuminates. Outside Germany the Association covered Austria, Russia,
Poland, Sweden, Denmark and Hungary. Then, among the members of the
conspiracy the guess that the lodge, experiencing a period of
prosperity, was led by some hidden leadership appeared. Baron was the
figure too well known not only in Masonic circles, but in the
official milieus so that to play such a role. Weishaupt, in turn, at
closer inspection, was a buffoon difficult to put up with and a man
of provenience too common to act as a grand leader, surrounded by the
aura of the mystery. The milieu saw Voltaire in this role, who was
worshiped by all freemasons and libertines and his protector,
Friedrich II, the King of Prussia.
Meanwhile,
as it frequently happens in situations when two people of different
natures and social position share one post, there was a great quarrel
between Weishaupt and von Kniegge. In July 1784, offended Weishaupt
left the Association and took efforts to make contact with the
Bavarian elector Charles Theodor and obtain his protection. These
actions coincided with the release of prohibition to join secret
societies. It was the restriction of a general nature, having in mind
the indivisibility of the princely power and not specifically
directed against the Freemasons and the Illuminates. However, perhaps
under the influence of the Jesuit confessor, in March 1785, the
elector not only rejected the proposal of Weishaupt, but released a
new decree, threatening this time directly the Illuminates.
The
police made the search in the house of Xavier von Zwack, a member of
the Duke’s Council and at the same time the Secretary of the Order.
Many documents which were later published as Einige
Originalschriften des Illuminatenordens, welche bei dem gewesenen
durch vorgenommene Hausvisitation zu Landshut Regierugsrath Zwack den
11. und 12. Oktober 1786 vorgefunden worden
(Some authentic writings of the order of the Illuminates found in the
House the Government's counsellor Zwick at the time of the inspection
carried out in Landshut on 11 and 12 October, 1786) were confiscated.
Among them there were such as the calling for self-determination for
the members of the order with regard to life and death, articles in
defence of atheism, the proposal to establish a female wing of the
Organization which was unusual in those days, a project to create a
machine for destroying secret documents in the case of the search,
the recipe for poisonous cosmetics and also the paragon for carrying
out the illegal abortion. The question of abortion directly touched
Weishaupt as the treatment was the result of his romance with the
sister of his wife. Spreading of these revelations put the
Association in the heavy state of embarrassment to the Roman Catholic
Court. The Illuminates were removed from the political scene, and our
hero lost his Department and was removed from the University.
In
1787, he settled down in Gotha, where he devoted himself to writing
the sublime work about the noble nature of the Association and its
purposes, which were meant to be an introduction to his defence and
whitewashing. The need to maintain a growing family made Weishaupt
mitigate his religious and political views in his subsequent texts.
After 1787, he cut all ties with the conspiracy associations and
returned to the bosom of the Catholic Church. He died in 1811, and as
a meritorious parishioner and defender of the faith.
Even
during his lifetime, during the peak of cooperation with Baron von
Kniegge, the legend of the Illuminates about their role and
possibilities began to grow. The order, gaining more and more
followers, became at the same time the object of resentment not only
from Catholic milieus, but also from those associated with esoteric
factions of the masonic mainstream. They thought that after
outlawing, the organization went to a deep conspiracy, organizing a
network of informants and provocateurs subject to secret management.
Its members were also supposed to penetrate the circles of the
political and economic elites of the United States and most European
countries. This idea, not only expired, but over the years,
strengthened. Currently, it occupies an important place in the
conspiracy theory called the New World Order, where the Illuminates
are a group of influential personalities controlling the world behind
the scenes.iii
At
the end of the 19th
century Tsar's Russia was breaking down under the weight of economic
and demographic problems, and existing model of the Empire was
subject to gradual deconstruction. Struggling with revolutionary
currents, getting more and more powerful, czarism was strongly
looking for themes soothing growing discontent of the society. In
such cases, anti-Semitism and the handy motif of Jewish
responsibility for any mishaps affecting the State and its indigenous
people have always proved to be helpful.
The
Minister of the Interior Affairs, Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev, who
disposed of the large police system, ordered his people to carry out
a wide-ranging action, steering the public dissatisfaction to Jews.
Police actions reached the receptive audience, so that in the years
1881-1884 there was a series of over two hundred pogroms throughout
Russia. A convenient excuse for their triggering was the
participation of a Russian Jewish Hesi Helfman, nihilist, in the
assassination of Tsar Alexander II. In 1882, the Law of May was
published, pursuant to which Jews were banned the right to hold land,
their villages were liquidated and they were shut down in ghettos.
The troops of General Drenbien, that supported murders, rapes and
robberies carried out by Russian peasants, were designated.
The
massive exodus of Russian Jews became of interest to the opinion
circles of Western Europe. It was fostered by the Dreyfus affair,
which became the cause of serious political and social crisis in
France.
In
1894 Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer, was accused of
treason for the benefit of Germany on the basis of the crafted
evidence and the military court sentenced him to life in prison on
the Île du Diable in the penal colony in French Guiana. When the
fraud was revealed and propagated, and the famous open letter
"J'accuse
...!"
by Emile Zola was published, the command of the army tried to cover
up the matter and hide their errors. The judgment for Dreyfus was
maintained, and Zola was forced to leave the country.
The
case was a reflection of the divisions in the French society, running
between right-wing and monarchist circles centred around the Jesuit
journal La
Libre Parole,
and heavily anti-church republican vertebrae. There were also common
anti-Semitic sentiments of great importance, which were caused by
bankruptcy of the Union
Générale,
the financial institution associated with the Church, which was to
support the Jewish financiers, controlling French banks. The
publication of "La
France Juive” (“Jewish
France")
by Edouard Drumont, the writer, editor of La
Libre Parole
and nationalist, contributed to the deepening of the divisions.
In
1906, as a result of the pressure of the public opinion and the proof
of the guilt of major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, the Highest Court
of Appeal annulled the judgment, whitewashing Dreyfus, promoting him
to the rank of colonel and awarding him the Cross
of the Legion of Honour.
As a result of the scandal, the extreme right has been pushed to the
margins of the French political scene, and in 1905 regulations for
separation of the Church and the State and the civilian control of
the army entered into force.
Meanwhile, Russian
intelligence service could not idly watch the growing criticism of
Tsarist regime. Okhrana
ordered
Matviei
Vasilievitch Golovinski, its agent, valued for good writing skills,
to draw up a false document slandering Judaism and justifying the
barbaric actions of Russia.
Golovinski
manufactured the text of the alleged Jewish conspiracy project to
conquer the world. The content of the document was a fairly faithful
adaptation of the "Dialogue
aux enfers entre Montesquieu ou la politique de Machiavelli et au
XIXe siècle
par un contemporain de Machiavelli"
pamphlet by French satirist Maurice Joly, which attacked the
political ambitions of Napoleon III. The brochure by Joly was an
adaptation of the popular novel fragment of "Les
Mystères
du peuple”
by Eugène
Sue, where the Jesuits were conspirators, and Jews in general did not
appear. Sue, in turn, took its cue from the scene of the “Joseph
Balsamo"
novel by Alexander Dumas, where Cagliostro and his mason companions
plan to intrigue with the diamond necklace of the Queen.
Yet
in 1868 the "Dialogues"
by Joly were included in the book "Biarritz"
written by the anti-Semite and agent of the Prussian intelligence
Hermann Goedsche, which was released under the name Sir John
Retcliffe. In the chapter, "The
Jewish Cemetery in Prague and the Council of the Representatives of
the Twelve Tribes of Israel",
the secret kahal
has meetings every one hundred years at the Prague cemetery to
coordinate the Jewish conspiracy. The book was translated into
Russian in 1872, and the Okhrana
considered it a useful tool to discredit all reformers and
revolutionaries infringing the established political order.
The
text by Golovinski, entitled "Dialogues",
appeared in 1895, and from 1897 it began to be distributed as the
"Protocols
of the Elders of Zion".
After 1905, in which the reformers managed to push through a
Constitution and create Duma,
the reactionary party Black
Sotnia in
co-operation with Okhrana
accused the "International Jewish conspiracy" of trying to
destroy Russia and the whole Christianity. The action of mass
distribution of the "Protocols",
which became a propagandistic support for the next wave of pogroms of
1903-1906 to distract public opinion from social activism, was
launched.
From
this moment the "Protocols"
were published in numerous editions in many languages and despite
various denouncing publications, they are even today believed to be a
historical truth by various anti-Semitic milieus. Due to the
pressure of Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Muslim Brotherhood, some Arabic
Governments added their content to school curricula , and in Japan
discussions were published in which the admiration for Jewish
conspiracy and the suggestions that the Japanese should follow it to
get similar power were expressed.iv
New World Order
New
world order (Latin. Novus
Ordo Mundi)
is the term used to describe significant changes in international
politics after the end of World War I, making up through the
implementation of the fourteen points by Thomas Woodrow Wilson, the
creation of the League of Nations, the United Nations, and also in
relation to the political forces in the world, which had formed in
the 1950s of 20th century and later in the mid-1980s when Ronald
Reagan announced the dominance of the United States in the cold war
struggle with the Soviet Union. After the end of the cold war, the
term New
World Order
was used by Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush, and by many other
members of the Club Bilderberg, the Trilateral Commission and the
Council for Foreign Relations of the US Government, to determine the
current directions of global policy.
Since
1782 on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, there has
been a Latin maxim "novus
ordo seculorum"
(the new order of the ages), taken from the fourth Idyll
by Virgil. It alludes to "the beginning of the new American
era", following the announcement of the Declaration of
Independence. Adherents of conspiracy theories erroneously translate
it as the "new world order". There is also an unfinished
pyramid with thirteen layers of rock blocks, at the base of which the
Roman numerals of the year 1776 were placed. In the area where there
should be the top of the pyramid, there is the "Eye of
Providence". In addition, on the reverse there is still the
motto “Annuit Coeptis” of Virgil's Aeneid ("God looked
favourably on our project").
Since
1935, both sides of the great seal have been placed on the reverse of
one-dollar banknote. The importance of the front is obvious: the
Eagle is a widely known national symbol, and the shield on its breast
is to evoke the State flag. The symbolism of the reverse is more
mysterious. Many see references to Masonic iconography, and
especially the Illuminates’ conspiracy in the image of the eye at
the top of the pyramid. In the culture of the West, this symbol
appeared for the first time in the 17th century, but has its source
in the Egyptian mythology and the image of the eye of Horus.
Paintings of the 17th century sometimes show it being surrounded by
clouds. Later the image of the eye closed in the triangle began to be
perceived as a symbol of the Holy Trinity. The illustrator Pierre
Eugène
du Simitière,
who was entrusted with the execution of the project, was the most
likely person to suggest placing it on the stamp. A Nimbus with
thirteen stars on the averse also raises the controversy. Some
researchers claim that the financial genius and the banker of
American Revolution contributed to the project of the seal. He was a
Jew, and the stars in the field over the head of the eagle make the
form of the David’s Star.
The
conviction of the existence of a secret organization that intends to
take power over the entire planet, through the establishment of a
"World Government" is the basis for conspiracy theories
about the introduction of the New World Order. The creation of
organizations such as the League of Nations, the UN, the World Trade
Organization (WTO), NATO or the Bretton Woods system and the
International Monetary Fund were the expression of commitment to this
state of affairs. In the 20th century many influential politicians
used the term "New World Order", what triggered suspicions
that the efforts to introduce "new deal" have already been
initiated.
Increasing
globalization and integration in the framework of organizations such
as the European Union, NAFTA or the African Union, make the New World
Order become a reality before our very eyes. There are voices, that
the connection of fundamentalist groups in the world Government,
which will cover the whole planet with the political, economic and
military and ideological power will be the end of this process. The
motivation for the establishment of the NWO is idealistic. Its
architects assume that owing to it the lasting peace, justice and
economic development will reign in the world.
However,
proponents of conspiracy theories emphasize that the essence of such
a world will be the central planning, which always encouraged the
emergence of totalitarian regimes in history. The new law must have a
common surveillance, implanting people chips under the skin and
imprisoning them in large cities-behemoths, joined by the network of
motorways. The system already introduced will collect all the
information about individuals owing to the cashless system of traded
goods and services, in which the purchase of the product will be
registered and marked automatically assigned to biometric identity
card containing data of a specific person.
A regular
feature of the concept is the claim that the introduction of the new
order and its functioning will only be possible with a significant
reduction in the global population. The number of the population
would be reduced, according to various estimates, from 25 to 50 per
cent. The way to achieve this would be a deliberate launch of a
pandemic and, successively, spraying chemicals in the atmosphere,
deregulating fertility and debilitating resistance, which would
decimate nations around the world. Global epidemics of swine or avian
flu, would be in that light, the testing of viruses grown in secret
laboratories.
Spraying
large quantities of harmful chemicals is done by devices mounted in
most passenger and military aircrafts. The products of their
activities are artificially induced streaks of condensation, the
so-called chemtrails,
visible behind a flying plane.
The
extreme version of the theory maintains that the New World Order was
imposed by a severe alien civilization, whose representatives have
maintained contacts with the elite of mankind. Only carefully
selected group of the Illuminates, who are members of Club
Bilderberg, belong to this narrow group.
The
Group Bilderberg brings together influential people in the world of
business, politics, finance, industry, members of European royal
houses scattered around the world who once a year flock to one of the
exclusive resorts of the world, in order to discuss current issues.
The first meeting of this type took place in Hotel
de Bilderberg
(hence the group name) in Oosterbeek in May 1954 and it was held at
the initiative of the influential Polish politics and immigrant
Joseph Retinger. Club Bilderberg conferences are held in the presence
of selected journalists, but as they promise discretion, they do not
relate about the course and the content of the debates. This should
explain the lack of interest of the media in group meetings
consisting of 120 prominent members of the global elite.
Although
the group claims that it exchanges only the informal views on World
Affairs, its recommendations often are implemented. The Idea of the
United Europe, and previously the common European market, realized by
the Treaty of Rome, or starting diplomatic relations with China by
the United States, were the subject of discussion during the
classified meetings of the Club, before they were implemented in the
official policy.v
In
1937, the Du Pont chemical company patented the technology of
industrial production of paper from pulp and fibres from crude oil.
The new technology was expensive and polluted the environment, so
it's no surprise that it was losing with the cheap and ecological
method of paper making from hemp fibres. The paper obtained from hemp
was characterized by high durability and it was resistant to
yellowing. In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of
independence of the United States on it. Till 1937, from 75 to 95 per
cent of paper was produced from hemp. You can obtain from 8 to 20
tons of dry fibre from one hectare of crops in just 120 days. For
comparison, a similar amount of wood cellulose can be obtained from
ca. four hectares of forest, growing at least 8-9 years (a variety of
so called Hybrid
poplar).
This gives a result from about 1500 to 8000 trees needed for its
production, by the additional need to use many of the harmful
chemicals.
This
technology became profitable thanks to the Federal law prohibiting
the cultivation of hemp, adopted by Congress on August 2, 1937. Harry
Jacob Anslinger, the first Director of the Federal Office for Drugs
from 1930, was its author and proponent. Anslinger was recommended
for the position by Andrew Mellon , a former Secretary of the
Treasury, billionaire, owner of Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh
which credited Du Pont group.
The
first State law prohibiting smoking of marijuana, which appeared at
the beginning of the 20th century in the United States, targeted
against the Mexicans, but with the introduction of prohibition, its
demand has grown rapidly. Marijuana has become a part of the black
“culture of Jazz ", which strengthened its racist
connotations.
In
the 30's of the 20th century, the political climate favoured racism
not only in Europe, but also in the United States. A newspaper
magnate William Randolph Hearst’s tabloid press was full of
sensational articles about Blacks and Latinos, who raped white women
and killed men under the influence of marijuana. Information from the
newspapers were helpful for Anslinger in persuading Congress to adopt
the Bill completely prohibiting the cultivation and use of cannabis.
Work on it was classified to the point that even doctor and lawyer
William c. Woodward, Chair of the American Medical Association (AMA),
only after its announcement realized that cannabis, widely used to
produce medicines obtained from hemp by doctors - soothing the
symptoms and supporting therapy of many diseases, was outlawed.
Therefore, the beneficiaries of the Act were also the
chemical-pharmaceutical companies, like producing aspirin German
Bayer GmbH, or British Boots Ltd., the manufacturer of ibuprofen.
The
consumption of prescribed drugs is the third after alcohol and
smoking cause of death as a result of the use of chemical substances
in the United States. The same statistics do not record any deaths as
a result of smoking cannabis.
The
first research on the influence of the use of marijuana for health
were carried out on behalf of the British Government in 1895. Since
then, dozens of them have been completed. There were no findings that
they lead to physical addiction as in the case of "hard"
drugs. The lethal dose of this plant is ⅓
of the weight of the human body, and man
dies then from carbon monoxide poisoning, and not from its
psychoactive substances. Of course, as other substances as chocolate
or coffee, hemp can be mentally addictive. The thesis about clear
trend of marijuana smokers to start "hard"
drugs, raised
by supporters of maintaining the
ban, was not so far confirmed in scientific research.
In
1961, at the request of the United States, the United Nations have
established the Union
Drug Convention,
a resolution prohibiting the cultivation of hemp, even the industrial
one, containing less than 0.2 per cent of psychoactive substances,
which has been signed by 60 member delegations. The United States had
an immense force of pressure, then keeping the building of the United
Nations in New York and donating financial means to its budget in
order to ensure the functioning of the organization. In addition, the
American Government was more and more seriously considering the
abolition of the gold standard against the dollar, which caused panic
mainly among European countries, whose finances were related with
American currency exchange rate. The Ministers and Prime Ministers
were ready to meet any demands of the Washington administration, in
exchange for keeping the relationship of the dollar to gold
resources, stored at Fort Knox. Thanks to this game, Americans
realized many political and economic objectives of different calibre,
and nevertheless, after achieving them, the parity was abolished in
1971.
The
"war on drugs", started in 1973 by the administration of
President Nixon, even more tightened restrictions against the
cultivation and sale of cannabis. However, it did not bring any
results beyond the growth of the statistics on the number of
detentions for drug possession. When in the first decade of the 21st
century it became obvious, in many circles there were voices
supporting the legalization of marijuana. In 2005, 530 American
economists, including Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George
Akerlof, urged President George Bush to do this in an open letter. Of
course, to no avail. The resistance of the administration lobbed by
chemical and pharmaceutical companies is additionally buoyed by the
American DEA drug agency, whose annual budget is more than $ 8
billion.
Jeffrey
Miron, the initiator of the letter to Bush, calculated that
legalising hemp consumption and the imposition of tax on consumer
goods would increase State revenues by $ 3 billion per year.
No need to
mention the huge savings in the police, the judiciary and the
penitentiary system.
Undoubtedly,
the proscription of hemp was one of more cynical examples of using
government agencies in the interests of big business.vi
Trinity
- the codename given by Oppenheimer to the first atomic weapon test
carried out at ground on July 16, 1945. The detonation of the bomb
had the power of about 20 kilotons and is considered the beginning of
the atomic age. The test was conducted in the desert near the city of
Alamogordo, New Mexico, in a place called Jornada del Muerto by
Spanish conquistadors (Spanish: road
of the dead),
on the training ground bearing the name of the White Sands Missile
Range.
The
Trinity Test was the highlight moment of several years of work on
the nuclear weapon, known under the codename Project
Manhattan.
Preparations
for the explosion lasted almost a year. A 9 to 10 km from the
designated observation point zero three shelters were built. On 7
May, 1945, the calibration test explosion with the use 108 tons of
TNT mixed with the nuclear fuel was carried out. For the purposes of
the experiment 30-metre steel tower was built in order to achieve
approximate conditions to those that occur at the explosion of bombs
discharged from the plane. The appropriate charge, bearing the
codename Gadget,
was delivered from Los Alamos Lab, and it was reassembled on the site
next day.
The
explosion was scheduled for July 16 at 4: 00. This time was moved
till 5:30, because of the storm and accompanying rain. It was feared
that the rain would increase the radioactive fallout, and lightning
could cause uncontrolled firing of the cargo.
The
final countdown started at 5:10. The explosion occurred exactly at
5:29:45. The force of the explosion was so large that it caused the
windows shaking within the distance of 320 km from the point zero.
The formed crater had the diameter about 300 metres and the depth of
more than 3 metres. The sand at the site of the explosion completely
melted, turning into a greenish radioactive glaze, then named
trinitite.
The mushroom cloud reached the height of about 12 kilometers. The
whole event was filmed and photographed by multiple cameras deployed
in different places of the training ground. There were also current
measurements of the radioactive contamination and meteorology.
Scientists involved in the construction of the bomb were watching the
experiment from bunkers and a nearby military base. A few hours after
the explosion, Oppenheimer and Fermi went to the point zero by two
tanks, to visually check the effects of the explosion. They found
that only fragments of reinforced concrete foundations remained on
the tower, where the load had been put.
To
keep the trial in secret, an official Press Release was prepared,
which sounded quite likely and which said that on the training ground
there had been accidental explosions in magazines of ammunition,
which caused no casualties. The true cause of the explosion was
revealed only after dropping the bomb on Hiroshima, and full
technical report of trials was declassified only in May 1976.
President
Harry Truman was waiting for test results, while participating in the
Potsdam Conference at that time. He received an encoded telegram with
the following content: The
operation took place this morning. We lack a full diagnosis, but the
results seem satisfactory, and even exceeded the initial
expectations. Dr Groves is happy.
The
cryptogram was about general Leslie Groves, who was the military Head
of the Project Manhattan.
In
1952, the place in the vicinity of the point zero was aligned by
bulldozers, and the remaining trinitite
collected. In 1965, the Government of the United States entered it in
the national register of historical monuments. At the point zero the
obelisk of local lava was built. The area still remains closed, but
twice a year, on the first Saturday of April and October “open
days” for the public are held. Radiation at the site of the
explosion still exceeds the standard ten times.
In
1949 the Soviet Union conducted its first nuclear test, the United
Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, China in 1964, India ten years
later, and Pakistan in 1998. In 2006, North Korea conducted its
nuclear test explosion. It is not certain whether the solar flare
over the Indian Ocean observed on September 22, 1979, by the American
satellite was a nuclear test made jointly by Israel and South Africa.
There is no evidence for it, and event details are still classified.
We know, however, that the two countries cooperate in the
construction of the atomic bomb and that this weapon is in Israeli
arsenal, and South Africa had got rid of it after the fall of
apartheid.
Some
countries connected carrying out nuclear tests with the research on
their impact on men. Such experiments were often carried out in the
Soviet Union, especially, among others at the training grounds in
Totskoye, Semipalatinsk and the New Earth. Soldiers from the special,
secret military units, and Gulag prisoners were used in the tests. In
the 1940s and 50s of the 20th century the United States were also
involved in carrying out nuclear tests on their own soldiers. The
tests consisted mostly in staying at short distances from the
epicentre in shallow trenches, and marching through the zone 0
in several minutes after the explosion. Similar tests were probably
carried out by China. Other nuclear powers, among others the United
Kingdom and France did not make nuclear weapons test on their own
troops, but on local populations living on the Islands and atolls
near polygons in the Pacific. As a result of the French tests on the
Muroroa Atoll, cancer incidence among residents of the Tuamotu
archipelago, which lies 400 miles from the atoll, is six times higher
than in other parts of Polynesia.
British tests
on Christmas Island with no earlier evacuation of residents in
1957-1958, are the subject of the complaint to the European
Parliament lodged by one of the victims, Suitupe Kiritome.
The
most spectacular nuclear test, reducing the surface area of the
Soviet Union about dozens of islets, which vaporized as a result of
the explosion, was conducted by Russians in 1961. They exploded the
largest bomb in the history of the hydrogen bombs on the Arctic
archipelago of the New Earth. It had the power of 58 megatons, which
is 3867 times stronger than the power of the bomb discharged on
Hiroshima, and the energy produced by it was about one per cent of
the power of the Sun. Before the explosion, almost at the last
moment, they withdrew from adding an uranium coat, which would have
increased its power twice.
The
shock wave caused by the explosion went around the Earth three times.
The mushroom cloud of about 60 and 40 kilometres in diameter was
visible from the distance of more than 900 miles. Life-threatening
burns of the third degree (the destruction of the entire skin and
subcutaneous layer), could appear even a hundred miles away from the
place of explosion.vii
Roswell
is a city in the State of New Mexico, and it was founded as a
commercial trading post by V.C. Smith in 1871. In the early 1940s of
the 20th century It experienced an accelerated economic development
which occurred owing to the construction of the air force base and
the discovery of natural gas deposits in the 1950s.
On
8 July, 1947, Lieutenant Walter Haut, a U.S Air Force information
officer at the training ground in Roxwell, handed information to the
press that a crash of an other-worldly flying vehicle nearby the
base occurred. At noon local time the report was released and it was
seized upon by the media, it quickly caused such a deluge of
questions from journalists and the public, that neither the Sheriff's
Office, or the local press could deal with it. Then suddenly, to
general excitement, the Air Force changed the version of the events:
it was not a UFO, but a usual weather balloon. The next day the
headlines definitely contradicted an earlier relationship, and
photographs of the remains of the balloon popped up in newspapers for
another few days.
So
much for the event says the official version. Unofficial version is
obviously much richer.
More
moderate theory says about the crash of the strategic bomber
prototype of the Lockheed U-2 on the training ground. At the
beginning of the cold war, directing public attention to secret
military projects was not in the interests of the army. Lt. Haut
received an order to prepare a version of events that would divert
attention of alien secret services from real events. The officer,
however, went too far and in effect it caused such an uproar that
fast intervention of the press service of the Pentagon, suggesting
the version deprived of sensation that it was a meteorological
balloon took place.
The
best known version presents different chronology. The story began at
night, on July 2, 1947, when a rancher Mac Brazel heard a loud
explosion, which seemed different from the sounds of the storm just
passing. Next morning, Brazel worked at the Foster’s ranch, about
120 kilometres Northwest of Roswell, and when he went to check the
broken water pump, he discovered along the way that there were
remarkable remains over one kilometre away. There were fragments of
something, which was described then as metal or wooden rods with
unusual symbols of lavender colour. The pieces were light as balsa,
but you could not break them, and after bending, they immediately and
automatically returned to previous position. On Sunday July 6, Brazel
loaded a few objects to his old pickup truck and took them to the
Sheriff in Roswell, George Wilcox, who contacted the base. An
intelligence officer, major Jesse Marcel, took care of the matter and
after seeing the delivered material he stated that it was very
strange and unlike anything that he met during his service in World
War II.
The
Commander of the base, Colonel William Blanchard, issued the command
to Marcel and the intelligence investigation officer Sheridan W.
Cavitto to go with the rancher to the distant field and gather the
remains. After reaching the place, the men filled his vehicle with
such an amount of elements, which they could raise, and they moved on
to the base. On the way back Marcel stopped at his home to show the
remains to his wife and son Jesse Jr.
Next
morning, Colonel Blanchard ordered to secure the area near Foster's
farm. Numerous troops and military police thoroughly searched the
area of the rancho. Going back to the base, the press officer Lt.
Haut issued a statement that a flying plate was found. The message
was reported by the local radio and the afternoon edition of the
press. General Clements McMullen, Commander of the air force
strategic wings was also informed about the issue, so he contacted
Colonel Thomas Jefferson DuBose, Chief of staff in Fort Worth, and
ordered him to think up a new version of the event. Has also
transferred the matter to Roger Ramey, who ordered Marcel to keep
silence and announced that he would take up the issue personally.
Irving Newton, military meteorologist, brought a wreck of a balloon
made of foil and wood fasteners, and pieces of the reflector of the
probe. Marcel presented the remains, and the press was informed that
there had been a mistake.
Cleaning
of the surroundings of Foster’s rancho took all week. During this
time, Marcel was banned to contact the press, leave the terrain of
the base and speak to anyone about the discovery. The search was very
intense and after two days, near the rancho, the main part of the
saucer and dead bodies of unknown beings were found less than 1 km
further.
In
summer 1947 this information was revealed by Glenn Dennis, a
mortician employed by Ballard, who provided services for the base in
Roswell. The military asked him, how to deal with the "small
bodies", and on his next visit he was forcibly ejected from the
hospital. Dennis claimed that he met there a nurse, who told him
about the "stinking bodies", which she saw during the
autopsy made by two pathologists. The corpses had brownish and grey
skin, big head with cracks or holes for the nose, ears and mouth, and
four slim fingers without the thumb. They did not have hair, too.
After repeatedly meeting Dennis, the nurse disappeared. Apparently,
she moved to England. When Dennis tried to contact her by letter, his
letters returned with the heading "the recipient is dead".
Meanwhile,
major Marcel was ordered to transport the remains of the vehicle to
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. From there they were moved
to Air Force Flight Test Center, Detachment 3, created in 1951, more
known under the name Zone
51.
This
is a huge and heavily guarded CIA and the air force base, located in
the South of Nevada, next to nuclear warfare and dried Groom salt
lake. Zone
51 has the
shape of a rectangle of the size of Switzerland, and the airspace
above the base is considered one of the best and most secure areas of
the air areas in the United States. Satellite images have shown that
there is nearly 10 km, the world's longest runway. Around the year
2000 a second runway of 5.5 km was built. The zone was so secret that
the U.S. Government officially confirmed the existence of this object
only in 1994.
Due
to great interest of the world public opinion, which in consequence
allowed the surrounding residents to develop rich tourist
infrastructure it is questionable that today there are works of the
utmost secrecy there.
It
is known that by the end of the 1980s the most famous and most
modern military aircrafts: SR-71 Blackbird, the B-2 Spirit and F-117
Nighthawk and B-1 Lancer were constructed there. There was also a
study of weapons produced behind the "iron curtain", among
other MiG aircrafts, acquired by the different methods by Americans.
The speculations about the supersonic plane called Aurora, which has
the speed several times faster than sound, are also common. In
addition, it was claimed that there were studies dedicated to modern
energy weapons, weather control, artificially raised earthquakes,
time travel, etc.
In
November 1989, Robert Lazar, the constructor and the organizer of
illegal Jet-powered racing cars, employed as a technician in the Zone
51,
revealed that he worked in the most secret parts of the base, marked
with the symbol S4,
with the construction of the propulsion of flying disks. He claimed
that he had seen a few flying saucers, and he had direct access to
one of them. He was able to accurately describe their look, control
devices and the way to get around. His words were confirmed by large
number of documents, which he allegedly stole from the base. They
included photos and diagrams of UFOs, and also photographs of the
autopsy of alien beings. You could conclude from the documents
submitted by Bob Lazar that described vehicles were intended either
for children or individuals smaller a lot than people. They were
supposed to be driven by the anti-gravity system, whose fuel is the
element with atomic number 115. Of course, no one has discovered it
yet. According to Lazar, the aliens were from the Zeta Reticuli
constellation. They disclosed it themselves, because just in the Zone
51 the
first contact with alien civilization and the conclusion of the
USA-the Aliens Treaty was supposed to take place, according to which
the alien visitors could carry out experiments on humans and animals
in exchange for their technology.viii
McDonnell
Douglas F-4 Phantom II - a two-seater long-range supersonic
fighter-bomber capable to operate in all weather conditions. It has
been developed for the United States Navy by McDonnell Aircraft
Corporation. Initially, it was planned to call it Satan
or Mithras,
but due to pressure from the Government it was decided to give it a
less controversial name.
Phantoms,
serving as the primary air superiority fighter and fighter-bomber for
the USAF, Navy and Marine Corps during the Vietnam war, were used by
the U.S. military from 1960 to 1996. In 2001, more than 1000 machines
of this type still remained in service in 11 countries. By the end of
their production in 1981, 5195 machines were manufactured which made
Phantom the mot used American military aircraft ever built. Due to
the use by the air force of many countries and very characteristic
silhouette, this aircraft became one of the most recognizable
machines of the cold war.
They
were used during the Vietnam war and the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict, and they won 392 times in air fights and fulfilled many
tasks against the air and ground targets. F-4 Phantom fighter jet
was the last American aircraft which achieved the status of the
flying ace in the 20th century. During the Vietnam war the USAF and
US Navy had one crew each, which could boast of bringing down 5 or
more enemy machines during aerial combats. After the incident in the
Gulf of Tonkin, 13 of 31 squadrons of U.S. Navy were equipped with
the aircrafts. On 5 August, 1964, Phantoms taking off from the USS
“Constellation" performed the first combat during the Vietnam
war, the task of escorting bombers in operation Pierce
Arrow. The
first victory of Phantom in air fighting took place on 9 April, 1965,
the machine belonging to VF-96 squadron brought down a Chinese
MiG-17, and then it was mistakenly brought down by a flank aircraft.
On 17 June, 1965 another F-4B of VF-21
Freelancers
squadron shot
down the first North Vietnamese MiG.
On
10 May, 1972, the crew of a Phantom F-4J with the sign "Showtime
100" in the composition of Randy "Duke" Cunningham
(pilot) and William "Irish" Driscoll (deck officer) shot
down 3 Vietnamese MiG-17 aircrafts (3rd, 4th and 5th shooting down)
for which it got the title of a flying ace. It was the only U.S. Navy
crew and the first American one awarded during the Vietnam war. There
is a conviction that the last aircraft shot down in this mission by
the crew of the Phantom was piloted by the mysterious and downright
mythical Vietnamese flying ace, Nguyen Toon, called Colonel Toon.
During the return flight, the plane flown by Cunningham was damaged
by an anti-aircraft missile, but the crew managed to bring the
machine over the Bay of Tonkin and only there to catapult.
16
squadrons of these machines were allocated for service in Vietnam in
1965-1973, and the subsequent 17 were deployed there temporarily.
Phantoms grew to the largest numbers in 1972, when in Thailand 353
aircrafts of this type were deployed. During the war a total of 445
Phantoms were lost with 370 during combat missions. 193 were shot
down over northern Vietnam, of which 33 were destroyed by MiGs , 30
by ground-to-air missiles, and the most (307) were shot down by
anti-aircraft artillery. During the Vietnam war Phantoms showed their
values and soon became the primary weapons of American air forces.
The
large surface area of the wings of the machine and powerful engines
allowed for getting performance comparable to much smaller and
reversible MiG fighters, but the biggest advantage was provided by
assistance of deck officer responsible for detecting and tracking
enemy machines, both with the help of radar and visually.
In
accordance with the contemporary tendency it was decided that the F-4
Phantom as the interceptor fighter would only be armed with missiles
and it would be deprived of firing arms, which soon became its
biggest weakness. This happened, because for a short time it was
claimed that with the increase in speed of aircraft to supersonic
speed, a dogfight over short distances would be impossible, and the
clash would take place by using only missiles. In fact, captures of
targets mainly occurred at subsonic speeds, and contemporary thermal
heads at the missiles were still so unreliable that the shooting down
of one target required launching of several such missiles. To make
matters worse, principles used during the Vietnam war excluded the
possibility of using long-range missiles without prior visual
identification of the targets. There were many times when the Phantom
pilots were directly behind the tail of the enemy machines, but due
to too small distance they could not fire the AIM-4, Falcon or AIM-9
Sidewinder missiles guided thermally, which were their only weapons.
In
the air force they have been replaced by the F-15 Eagle fighters and
F-16 Fighting Falcon, and in the Navy by F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18
Hornet. Phantom was replaced in the role of a medium bomber by
General Dynamics F-111 machines.
In
June 2012 Turkish Phantom was shot down by Syrian anti-aircraft
battery. The incident became a pretext to tighten up the political
course of Turkey, silently re-arming the Syrian rebels, against the
Government in Damascus.
* * *
F-16
"Fighting Falcon"- a multirole aircraft designed by
American General Dynamics. Since 1993, it has been produced by the
Lockheed Corporation, now Lockheed Martin. 4459 copies were
manufactured from the second half of the 70s of the 20th century to
2007.
The
production of new F-16 in the U.S. should end in 2015, after
completing orders from Egypt for 20 machines and the last Iraqi order
for 36 machines F-16IQ. Currently, the production of 30 machines F-16
C/D assembled in Turkey by TAI is going on. Total number of produced
F-16 should not exceed the number of 4540 units. The price of one
copy (without weapons) for the version of the F-16 C/D was in 1998
almost 19 million USD. The unit price of a copy for Poland along with
a rich suite of logistics and the most modern weapons amounted to $
73 million, of which the value of the aircraft is about $ 35 million.
In
1993, mass production was moved to the Lockheed Corporation, after
the company purchased the production department of Aviation General
Dynamics. In 1995 Lockheed merged with Martin Marietta to form
Lockheed Martin, the group, which today is the largest manufacturer
of these machines.
The
Air Force of the United States are not currently interested in
successive versions of the F-16, because of plans to use a newer
fifth-generation fighter, the F-35, in particular, which has the
features of the aircraft undetectable to radars. This does not change
the fact that the project is still being developed by Lockheed
Martin, which proposes a new version of the aircraft to other
countries.
F-16s
have repeatedly participated in various operations, as
fighter-bombers and fighters. They shot down including at least 72
combat and transport aircrafts. For the first time in the fight they
were used by Israel on 7 June 1981, during the attack on Osirak
nuclear reactor in Iraq. The first foreign plane downed by the F-16
was a Syrian MiG-21 fighter in 1981 of the Soviet production. Total
in 1981, Israeli F-16s defeated at least six MiGs-21. The next use of
F-16 was in the combat in 1982 in the battle over the Bekaa Valley in
the Lebanese war. United States and Israel provided information about
the destruction of 44 Syrian planes.
In
January 1991, there was the most numerous use of the F-16 so far in
the number of 249 machines during Desert Storm operation. F-16
performed then 13 500 flights, including 4,000 ones by night. The
main use of these machines were assault and bombing missions,
however, they shot down two Iraqi MiGs-29 aircrafts and a MiG-25,
nine aircrafts were lost, five of which were shot down, while four of
them crashed for other reasons.
In
1986-1988, these aircrafts were used by Pakistan in the war in
Afghanistan and they shot down four Su-22 planes, one An-26 transport
aircraft, two MiGs-23 and one Su-25, which violated the airspace of
Pakistan. The F-16 is currently the most widespread combat aircraft
in the world.ix
In
1934, British Anglo-Persian
Oil Company
(later BP)
and American
Persian Gulf Oil
have established an oil consortium Kuwait
Oil Company.
English politician Harold Dickson residing in Kuwait was in its
Board. As an influential person in local power circles, he
contributed to promoting positive relationships between the Emirate
and the newly created company, which soon reached a privileged
position in the region. The company could extract Kuwaiti oil at such
favourable terms that it was able to effectively eliminate all
competition. By 1975, the largest global mining companies became
Kuwait Oil
Company’s
shareholders. Apart from British
Petroleum
Co Plc
and Gulf
Oil, there
were Shell
International Petroleum Co. Ltd., Texaco
/ Chevron
Corporation,
Exxon-Mobil
Corporation, Getty Oil Co.
and Nippon
Arabian Oil Company
(AOC). The Consortium is currently the fourth world exporter of crude
oil, but in 1975-2001 only a small portion of the profit from the
sale flew to American and European shareholders.
In
March 1975, in order to resolve the oil crisis caused by the
countries belonging to OPEC,
the largest importers of oil, USA and developed European countries,
agreed on the nationalisation of the Kuwait
Oil Company.
The company became a subsidiary of the state-owned holding company
Kuwait
Petroleum Corporation,
and in 21st
article of the Constitution of Kuwait it was stipulated that all
resources and profits from their production are owned by the nation.
Since then, all international investments have been supervised by the
State which allocates 10 per cent of income to a reserve fund for
future generations (RFFG), when oil resources run out. Similar
regulations have been introduced by other OPEC countries, whose
deposits were dependent on Western corporates so far. They suffered
heavily from the loss of a large part of their profits, and
oil-exporting States became a field of intense and behind-the-scenes
efforts to get access to the ever-flowing stream of petrodollars. So
when in August 1990 the Iraqi army invaded and conquered Kuwait, big
corporations interested in increasing their presence in the region,
began to frantically wonder how to seize the opportunity to control
the oil fields of the Middle East.
George
Bush senior headed the White House Administration. His son and later
successor as President, for a long time had deep connections with the
structures of the oil industry. He previously led two mining
companies dealing with extraction and sale of oil, however, he was so
clumsy that they reached the verge of bankruptcy. In 1988 the
takeover by the Harken
Energy
corporation saved them from going bankrupt. George W. Bush received a
place in the Supervisory Board and the salary of 120 thousand dollars
a year. The Presidents of the group counted in return for political
connections, necessary to obtain favourable contracts in the Gulf.
Soon, with the Bush’s help Harken
Energy got
permission to search for and extract oil off the coast of Bahrain.
The company stock price rocketed and future President quickly sold
his package, earning 850 thousand dollars. When it turned out that
Bahrain does not have oil, the stock price dropped to 25 per cent of
the previous value. Bush was accused of illegal use of classified
information in the stock manipulation, but these allegations have
never been proved.
Having
gained a considerable capital, Bush junior decided to deal with
politics in accordance with the family tradition. When he started his
efforts to take over the position of the Governor of Texas, his
election fund received generous subsidies from Texaco
and Exxon
Mobil.
These funds allowed him to defeat rivals and win the election without
major problems. As Governor, he had to somehow return the favour.
Owing to his decision, the State
Environmental Protection and Monitoring of Air Pollution Act
project, was written under the dictation of the oil companies and
coal-fired plants. This strange text, approved by Bush’s
administration, did not oblige them to any restrictions. At that
time, the city of Odessa, Texas, was so enveloped in dense smoke from
chimneys and exhaust pipes that residents had to turn on lights at
noon.
During
his presidential campaign, Bush could count on even greater support
of oil companies. After winning the election, the new host of the
White House showed his gratitude to them by giving his approval to
drill in the area of nature reserves in Alaska and by the decision of
the U.S. not to access the Kyoto climate convention. It is worth
mentioning that the United States, where about 4 per cent of the
people of the world live, are responsible for over 25 per cent of
global greenhouse gas emissions.
Bush
had the full backing of members of his administration. From 1995 to
2000 Vice President Dick Cheney headed the Halliburton company - the
world's largest company producing platforms and equipment for the oil
industry. The company reached a turnover of more than 17 billion
dollars a year. Cheney used his political friends to gain lucrative
contracts in the Arab world. Halliburton
sold machines, through European intermediaries, even to Iraq, then
the mortal enemy of America. The official claimed that he did not
know about these transactions, but when he left to take a position in
the White House, he received the high severance package in shares and
cash of $ 36 million. Taking a position of Vice President he sold the
shares, and soon when Halliburton
due to creative accounting was in trouble, again those allegations
about financial machinations could not be proved.
Condoleezza
Rice, before she was nominated the Security Adviser, sat in the
Supervisory Board of the Chevron
Texaco,
she had the package of 250 thousand shares of the company, and even
the giant oil tanker was named after her. Donald Evans, Secretary of
Department of Trade, was previously Director of the Tom
Brown Inc.
energy company. The U.S. Ambassador in London, Douglas Farish, is a
successor of the oil men aristocratic family from Texas. His
grandfather headed the Standard
Oil
company.
Many
suspect that "Oil Government" led the policy of
implementation of the wishes of corporations seeking new sources of
petrodollars, and operations in Kuwait and Iraq, and the whole "war
on terrorism" were in fact a cover to ensure the access to
sources of cheap oil for long decades.
The
purpose of Desert
Storm
operation, carried out five months after invading Kuwait by Iraqi
troops, was to restore access to its deposits under the terms of the
pre-1975 period for American companies. Bush’s Administration had
relied on this form of gratification for the liberation of the
country. But the negotiation proceeded very slowly, and the
Government of Kuwait opened the door to the American corporations
only in 2001. The enthusiasm of oil men, shaken by the decade delay
quickly faded when it turned out that Kuwait oil resources were
heavily overstated and their excavation would not bring profit to the
expected level. Then, in the circles of power the idea to gain the
Iraqi oil appeared.
Bush’s
Administration did not trust the Saudi allies and the opportunity to
have access to Iraqi deposits seemed extremely tempting then.
Therefore, when the situation in Afghanistan after the initial
successes of "fair" military operation achieved relative
stability, George W. Bush issued an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein. His
most important and, as it turned out later, illusionary points were
the elimination of the alleged weapons of mass destruction and
terrorist bases. Bush's ultimatum included also the clause about the
"humanitarian" securing the oil fields and other natural
resources of Iraq and it eventually proved to be the real goal of the
war.
On
March 20, 2003, the Iraqi
Freedom
operation began, as a result of which Iraq was under occupation of
the United States assisted by other coalition States, having hope for
profits on their part.
Finally,
the simultaneous operation, which quickly changed into the
debilitating guerrilla war, turned out to be beyond the ability even
of such a power as the United States. The costs of long-term
maintenance of numerous military units in Afghanistan and Iraq have
exceeded the profits, which the American economy takes from access
to Iraqi oil. Their distant echo is the economic crisis, which deeply
touched America in 2008 and overflowed into the related European
markets. The current economic crisis in the European Union gave
reasons for the belief about the twilight of the Western domination.
China and India and now Brazil are in the foreground of the changing
world stage.x
The
K-141 "Kursk" nuclear submarine which was designed to
combat large marine units, especially Western aircraft carriers, sank
along with the entire 118 persons of crew and eleven observers on
board on Saturday, 12 August, 2000. The official cause was a fuel
leak from one of the torpedoes, which sparked a fire, and then the
explosion of ammunition.
Great
Northern Fleet manoeuvres in the Barents Sea, during which the
disaster occurred, apart from the demonstration of force of the
reborn Russian Navy after the collapse of Yeltsin period, aimed at
testing Squall
state-of-the-art torpedoes. This is a type of an underwater rocket,
which moves in the gas bubble, so that it does not encounter
resistance of water and it can accelerate to the speed of up to 200
knots (370 km/h). The torpedoes used so far could reach the top speed
of 70 knots and a ship, in the direction of which they were fired,
had the chance to avoid the hit. The underwater missiles were to be
sold to China and Chinese officers watched the manoeuvres from the
"Peter the Great" Russian Cruiser.
The
sale of the Squall
torpedoes
to the Chinese
would be a
huge blow to the USA, of course, as it would break the balance of
power in the Pacific and South-East Asia.
Russians
realized that their manoeuvres were closely tracked by the armies of
Western states, including two American "Memphis" and
"Toledo" nuclear-powered submarines. When "Kursk"
was to carry out the test, Americans took a risk, and trying to
thwart the launching of the torpedoes before the eyes of the Chinese
officers, they started to disturb Russians. First the "Toledo"
dangerously approached the "Kursk", performing the
manoeuvres disturbing the visibility. There was a collision, and
Russians and Americans became nervous. The "Memphis"
located nearby, which followed the entire situation on the radar
screens, recorded the sound of the opening of torpedo hatch of
"Kursk". At this point, the American commander decided to
activate the Mk 48 uranium torpedo. The bullet hit the Russian ship,
there was a powerful explosion of ammunition and the destroyed unit
went to the bottom.
The American ships, both damaged - the "Toledo"
in collision with "Kursk", and "Memphis" by a
shock wave from the explosion - started immediately to escape from
the place of the event. The Russians jumped in the air two aircraft
squadrons for anti-submarine warfare, however, before the bombing of
the US Navy units they were to stop by the personal order of Vladimir
Putin.
From
the first minutes after the crash the Russian-American consultations
at the highest level lasted. Then, the head of CIA, George Tenet, who
at all costs was supposed to prevent the escalation of the conflict,
flew to Moscow. Tenet acknowledged that the Americans were the first
to open fire in panic. Putin, who was then at the origins of the helm
of power, was keen on good relations with U.S. So, he decided to
suppress the entire matter. During the talks it was decided not to
disclose the information about the event to the media. The first
official reports appeared only on Monday, two days after the
disaster. Later, there had been a whole series of false information.
From the beginning any suggestions for the
American footprint
were undermined.
Soon, the United States cancelled a Russian
debt and granted Moscow a long-term loan of 10 billion dollars. The
"Kursk" case was officially closed, and few people who
tried to publicize the version about the American attack, were
removed from service. Many Russian admirals still have a claim to
Putin that he did not allow for a nuclear counterattack.
* * *
When "Kursk" fell down to the bottom,
the 23 seafarers working from sixth to ninth sections, who survived
after the series of explosions and a fire, gathered in the ninth
section waiting for help. Since nuclear reactors automatically
switched off and the battery emergency power supply soon ran out,
they remained in total darkness and with less and less oxygen. It is
not known how long the trapped people lived. Probably, the cause of
their death was the fire of the chemical set to purify the air from
carbon dioxide and to enrich it with oxygen which was discovered on
the bodies.
One
of the three officers, who survived the explosion, Dmitri Kolesnikov,
recorded the names of the survivors, and before his death he left the
last note: It
is too dark, but I'll try to write grope. I think there is no chance,
10-20 per cent. We hope that someone will read it. Below there is a
list of people from the crew from other sections, who gathered in the
ninth and will be trying to get out. Greetings to all, no need to
despair. Kolesnikov.xi
On
26 February, 1993, in the Northern Tower of the World Trade Center a
truck filled with 682 kilograms of explosives (ammonium nitrate),
parked in an underground garage, exploded. As a result of the
assassination attempt 6 people were killed, and more than a thousand
were injured.
The leader of the terrorists, Ramzi Yousef, and
five Islamic extremists responsible for the attack, were convicted to
240 years in prison each in 1997 and 1998.
As
a result of the attack security provisions have significantly been
strengthened: in the towers the crisis staff was introduced and the
Special Squad was equipped with dogs to recognize the presence of
explosives. Additional fire extinguishers and modern smoke detectors
along with the alarm were installed. Trial evacuations of employees
carried out every 6 months have significantly improved the security
conditions there.
Under the World Trade Center there were some of
the world's largest deposits of gold, kept there by a group of banks.
The bomb exploded near the Treasury in 1993, but it failed to destroy
it. The value of gold stored in that period was estimated at one
billion dollars (official figures were not available, of course),
later there was probably still more precious metal.
The coup of September 11, 2001 was a series of
four terrorist attacks, carried out in the morning on Tuesday
September 11, 2001, using carried passenger aircrafts. It was made
out by 19 hijackers, who bought tickets for the 4 domestic flights of
American Airlines.
It
was found that the total number of killed persons in the
assassination was 2973 people, not including the 19 hijackers, and 26
people are still officially considered missing. In determining the
number of victims and their identities, for the first time in history
the genetic material was used on a massive scale, which was virtually
the only way to identify the remains of victims.
The
attacks of September 11 were a direct cause of the start of the
so-called "war on terror", whose the first stage was the
attack on Afghanistan ruled by the Taliban, and the tightening up of
security measures (including the airports) and the introduction of
anti-terrorist laws in many countries, which in some cases restrict
civil rights. There are opinions, that American authorities used the
assassination attempt to justify the attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq,
and gain more control over society.
On
May 16, 2002, the former Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice stated
at a press conference on September 11 that no one was able to foresee
a situation in which terrorists would serve up planes, and hit the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon, using them as missiles.
Proponents of conspiracy theories claim that this statement departs
from the truth.
The
U.S. has a very advanced system of rapid response in the event of an
unauthorized air space violations called NORAD (North American
Aerospace Defense Command). The NORAD centre, originally built inside
the Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado Springs and currently located at
Peterson Air Force base, among others deals with detection and
warning against all kinds of attacks, air or satellite strikes.
Because of the importance of the processed and provided information
to other command levels of the American army the NORAD is one of the
best guarded objects on the American continent.
According
to the official version, on September 11, the system failed in all
fields. The analysis of the related causes and circumstances provide
arguments supporting the thesis that this was not an accident.
Information that NORAD trained earlier the response to
assassinations, whose scenario would resemble this of the September
11, 2001, appeared in the media after the attacks.
In
November 1999, the NORAD exercises as a part of the operation Falcon
Indian
were held. Their plan was to kidnap a transcontinental airliner
belonging to the Chinese airlines by five terrorists, and then break
it down on the seat of the United Nations in New York. Between
October 24 and 26, 2000, scenarios under the code-name MASCAL, taking
into account hitting the Pentagon by a passenger aircraft were
prepared at the headquarters of the Department of Defense. On June 5,
2000, NORAD conducted a simulation within exercises under the
code-name Falcon
Indian in
which a large airliner hit the White House and the Statue of Liberty.
On October 2000, the 16 and 20, the NORAD conducted exercises within
the operation Vigilant
Guardian taking
into account the attacks with the use of airplanes. The scenario of
October 16 assumed hijacking of an aircraft belonging to Federal
Express and using it for the suicide attack on the UN headquarters in
New York (de facto several miles
from the WTC
"twin towers"). Five minutes before the attack on Pentagon,
the internal intelligence agency carried out an exercise taking into
account the use of an aircraft and breaking it down on the building
20 miles further. In the morning of September 11, John Fulton, along
with his CIA team carried out a simulation of rapid response
previously planned for this day in the case, when a plane would hit
the building of the Government. After the real attack the exercises
were interrupted. The Government later described them as a "strange
coincidence".
The
conspiracy
theories about the attacks of September 11, 2001, suggest that the
Government of the United States is responsible, directly or
indirectly, for the attacks on the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon. Some people telling this kind of theories believe that the
administration of the Government of President Bush did nothing to
prevent the attacks, others say outright that the bombings were
planned and carried out by governmental internal services.
In May 2008, the "Life" weekly
published an article, according to which 46% of Americans do not
believe in the version of events given by the official sources nearly
7 years after the attacks. Almost half of Americans, including many
scientists and politicians, calls for a renewed investigation of the
September 11 attacks.
They
maintain that no steel construction has never collapsed due to fire.
Meanwhile, on September 11, 2001, two WTC main towers and standing
nearby a WTC7 47-storey building collapsed, which was not directly
hit. WTC7 was burning for a few hours before it was laid in ruins,
but compared with other fires of skyscrapers, which consequently were
not completely destroyed (Philadelphia 1991 – a fire lasting 18
hours, Madrid 2005 - fire lasting around 10 hours), in this building
the fire alarm system did not work because of the lack of water. In
the case of mentioned long-lasting fires of buildings of similar
construction in Madrid and Philadelphia, the collapse of the floors
above the fire floor did not cause the building collapse to the
lowest level.
In
the case of buildings WTC1 and WTC2, known as the "Twin Towers",
the fire caused by the hitting of the aircrafts did not last long and
it did not cause the long-term increase of temperature. The proof is
in these pictures and the film close-ups of buildings, where you
could see people standing in the holes at the level of the ground
waving to people outside.
In fact, computer simulations show that the
temperature of the fires was more than 1000 ° c.
According
to the conspiracy theory, the Twin Towers and WTC7 were destroyed
with the use of controlled detonation of explosives. However,
according to the official report by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology there is no evidence of the use of any
explosives.
Under
the banner of prior
knowledge
the speculation about the information proving that the elected US
Government officials previously knew about the attacks and their
scenario. This issue was raised in the film Fahrenheit
9.11.
Speculation also apply to the information about financial operations
just before September 11.
The BBC and Reuters news agency wrongly
informed about WTC7 collapse more than 20 min before this event,
which according to proponents of conspiracy theories proves the prior
knowledge of the attacks. According to the BBC, it was a journalist’s
mistake and incorrect information received from Reuters. Reuters News
Agency released a statement that the information about the collapse
of the WTC7 building was given by the local agency and without the
verification it was passed on.
According
to some conspiracy theories, no Jew was killed in the attack. It is
to prove that Jews knew about the assassination and had been warned,
or even that it was prepared by them. In fact in the assassination
about 400 people belonging to this nation were killed. This theory is
supported by the fact that the list of victims includes only one
person with the Israeli citizenship and it makes a guess that the
attack, carried out by the Mossad
secret cell was to rebuild the falling support among Americans for
Israel's hard policy against Palestinians and unfriendly Arab
neighbours.
Most
of the theories assume that the conspiratorial activities of the US
Government agencies aimed to induce artificial crisis atmosphere
which was adding to the on-going threat. It was to aim at
neutralizing the opposition and obtaining a social consent for the
change and restrictions of freedoms, for which people would never
have agreed in normal conditions. An indication of the external
perpetrators of the assassination was to distract the society's
attention from the activities planned on the U.S. territory. It was
also a convenient excuse to carry out military operations in
sensitive areas of the world, rich in oil, or having a strategic
location close to competing countries with nuclear arsenals: Russia,
Pakistan, India and China. This allowed free funding of the arms
industry and justified aggressive policy against so embarrassing
countries like Iraq or North Korea.xii
It
started with the theory of an artificial fog at the Smolensk airport,
tampering with lamps, helium sprayed over the airport, a fuel bomb, a
deliberate blocking the Tu-154 ailerons remote control (the device
that is allegedly mounted during the renovation of the machine in
Russia). And of two explosions-shaking on its board (the first one
ripped the wing, the second one ripped the hull), and it ends – so
far – on the electronic misleading the navigation devices by secret
transmitters. The Russians were, after all, great specialists in the
MIJI (Meaconing,
Intrusion, Jamming and Interference).
This method consists in recording the navigation signal and resending
it (with a slight offset in time and with greater effect) on the same
frequency in order to mislead the crew of the aircraft. The result is
confusion and getting incorrect tracking indicators by the air or
ground crew. In this way, you can get caught up in the trap, send the
pilot of the aircraft to a false target, and even cause the disaster.
Marek
Strassenburg-Kleciak (a Polish system of three-dimensional navigation
specialist working in Germany), and Hans Dodel (German expert on
navigation and electronic warfare systems, author of the book
"Satellitennavigation") hypothesized in the "Gazeta
Polska" that the Tu-154 was just a victim of such an attack on
the navigation instruments.
Since
the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center meaconing has been
used in almost all countries of the world, among others to protect
the objects of special importance, such as nuclear plants and
Government facilities. In the case of the Tu-154 which was
approaching to land, a slight malfunction would lead to tragedy.
Antoni
Maciarewicz, the man of the disturbing superficiality and the eyes of
a madman, became the head of the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry,
which was to show that the Government aircraft with dignitaries on
board crashed as a result of the Russian conspiracy. For more than
two years which had passed since the date of the accident, he has
shown genuine inventiveness and unflagging zeal in searching
possible scenarios of the assassination. Perhaps he wishes to repair
his image as a patriot and providential man undermined by his
insufficiently decent attitude at the moments just after the fall of
the plane. Then, in the immediate vicinity of the on-going rescue
operation, consisting in collecting the remains of the victims, he
urged the group of a bit hungry presidential Members of Parliament to
go to the car in order to drive to a restaurant for dinner ordered
earlier.
The
birch, which in this case is obvious,
did not play a significant role in the crash, because the wood is too
soft to
threaten the wing of, surely, the slowly
descending machine.
*
* *
Reading of the press and online forums
fostering the conspiracy version of events clearly shows that this
story will not quickly end.
In
the last days of October 2012 the hypothesis about the explosions on
the board of the aircraft, enriched with the vision of the execution
of the members of the presidential entourage, who have survived the
collapse of the machine, returned with unprecedented power. The
prelude of the flowering, manifested in the autumn wave of the
exhumation and the publication of drastic photos of the victims on
Russian servers returned along with the mysterious suicide of an
important witness in the case, a Government engineer of the Jak-40
who landed on the unlucky airport dozens of minutes before the
Tupolev crash.
At the time when I write these words, the
headlines of most portals have reported that traces of TNT,
nitro-glycerine and other explosive substances had been discovered on
the wing trims of the crashed plane and in its interior, including
the thirty seats passengers.
All
of this coincides with a parliamentary offensive of the right wing
that is consolidating around the Smolensk drama and it seems to
recognize that repeated and persistent repetition of any of thesis
will also make that sooner or later they become a generally accepted
fact.xiii
Hunt for Cow
MQ-9 Reaper is an unmanned combat aerial
vehicle (UCAV), produced by the General Atomic Aeronautical Systems
company and it is mainly used by the United States Air Force and the
RAF. MQ-9 is the first machine known as the "hunter-killer".
In
2006, Air Force Base has set up the first unit armed with MQ-9 Reaper
at Creech. It was the 42 Attack Squadron, which a year later was
included in the 432 Air Expeditionary Wing fitted only with unmanned
drones.
This unit is used to act in conflict areas, which today are Iraq and
Afghanistan. The first mission of the Reaper
was made on 25 September, 2007. The same year, on October 28, the
first fire attack with the use of this machine, which destroyed the
vehicle of Afghan rebels, took place. By 6 March, 2008, the drones
struck 16 goals in Afghanistan. On July 17, 2008, they debuted in
Iraq.
U.S.
Customs and Border Protection, whose Reapers stay in Sierra Vista,
Arizona, and Grand Forks in North Dakota, is the next institution
using those machines. During their service the machines contributed
to capturing several tons of marijuana and the arrests of several
thousand illegal immigrants.
In
2012, American Reapers,
apart from Afghanistan and Iraq stayed in Turkey, the United Arab
Emirates, Qatar, Yemen, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Philippines and in
Seychelles. It is worth noting that the program for the construction
and use of drones has been successfully led by Israel.
Rodney Brossart, a farmer of the town of Lakota
in North Dakota and his three sons, are the first citizens of the
United States, against whom a drone was used on the territory of this
country.
On June 23, 2011, six cows, which came to the
Brossarts’ pasture and began to eat grass intended for their
animals, fled from Chris Anderson’s ranch. When Anderson found
them, he demanded returning the cattle. However, Rodney, as the head
of the Brossarts family cited the damage done by the escaped cows and
declared that he would keep them until an appropriate reward were
received. Anderson went to the police with a complaint. On the same
day, the sheriff Eric Braathen and his Deputy Fred Frederickson went
to the Brossarts’ farm to recover the cows. But before they got
there, they met old Rodney at the petrol station, who repeated that
he would not give animals without compensation. The police officers
threatened, that they would use force, and the farmer replied that if
they enter his ground they would not leave it alive. The officers
rushed on him shouting that he was arrested and overpowered him with
electric paralyser.
When
the police came again to the farm with an injunction, Rodney’s
three sons greeted them with rifles. The brothers did it so
effectively that the sheriff with his deputy had to flee, abandoning
their police car on the grounds. To this point, everything proceeded
in accordance with customs prevailing in the Midwest. But later, it
was unusually. The sheriff called in the help of a distant SWAT unit
from not very distant Grand Forks. Before the assault on the
Brossarts’ ranch, an unmanned aircraft lent by the Federal
Department Security watched farmers from the air. Next morning,
without a single shot being fired, cows were recaptured and returned
to Anderson, and the sons joined his father in custody. The
prosecution accused them of inter alia the theft and terrorizing the
sheriff.
It
is expected that soon the drones
will fly over America routinely. They are much cheaper and much more
effective than helicopters or planes. Washington is currently
developing detailed rules for the use of unmanned aircraft by
governmental authorities and private companies.
It
is believed that the use of drones,
apart from the increased effectiveness of military operations while
reducing their costs, shall make it possible for the countries that
possess them to start wars. A pilot of such a machine directs it,
sitting with a joystick in his hand before the monitor of a computer.
He may carry out an attack on, say, the Taliban crossing the border
of Pakistan from the room at the base, situated on the territory of
the United States. In the event of shooting down, his life will not
be affected in any way, in contrast to soldiers operating in the area
of conflict. The public will not be too much interested in the piles
of scrap remaining after the destroyed Reapers.
The war conducted in this way will be more like a game on a
"PlayStation", and not an actual action, though opponents
will really die. It will also be difficult to blame anyone for the
responsibility for mistakes or deliberately committed crimes, for
example, the attack on a school. The fault may lie on the side of the
officer's action, or the general, issuing him orders, or a politician
who implements his objectives. But all of them may dump the
responsibility on the programmer of the drone
operating system, the engineers who designed the drone, or the
labourer, who wrongly mounted one of the elements the device.
The
research centres work on autonomous ethical system, which is supposed
to prevent an attack when innocent civilians can die. It's hard,
however, to imagine an army, which wants to have on the excellent and
effective weapon, which does not carry out the orders.xiv
Those
who expect that this text tends to some conclusions of the conspiracy
theory of history, summarizing the issues, shall be deeply
disappointed. The threads gathered here are more or less closely
associated with series of the images and the "New World Order"
aquatints, on which I have worked since 2010, and which I consider
not to be closed, and the text was created in order to describe their
related content. This is probably neither my first, nor the last
reference to this iconographic theme. The origins of this interest
date back to 1992 and the "Psalm 69" disc of the Ministry
band, with the “N.W.O” song. I associated the concept of the "New
World Order" then with the a policy of the cold
war ended
not long ago, and I only discovered the system of counter-culture and
anti-government theories of conspiracy emerging in American
fundamentalist Christian circles with wonder a few years later, after
gaining access to the Internet. NWO has turned out to be a good
source of themes and iconography, in which absurd threads are treated
with deadly seriousness. The absurdity of this construction, the
alternative to the generally accepted explanation of the processes
occurring in the world, with time seemed to me so “poisonous”,
that it would be difficult for me to make fun of those concepts as a
whole at the moment. Therefore, I decided to take tons of cool and -
if possible - an objective report in the works of the cycle and the
accompanying text. I am also fully aware of the fact that the
inventiveness of different minds is unlimited in this field and, in
this connection with that, a set of themes included here is far
incomplete. Constantly expanding "List of conspiracy theories"
in Wikipedia has already included about a hundred of threads, at
least half of which seems worth the interest. From my point of view,
where conspiracy theories are the source of inspiration for the
activity of creating images, it is a favourable situation.
In
the "New World Order", among others, topics related to the
Phantom
and F-16
aircrafts, and the history of nuclear testing, which are hard to
associate with the leitmotif
of the series, have been included. Well, as the author, I am not
going to explain this – I believe that the declaration "that I
have considered it to be right" should be enough there.
The
issue of Jews is a separate and very extensive thread. The amount of
plots, prejudices and distortions related to them is enormous, and
almost “genetically” inherent in the history and culture of the
world. In the course of the work I considered that the omission of
this issue would be a “dishonest” failure and despite the lack of
sufficient competence I devoted an extensive annex to it. In order to
understand the role that Jews have played and still play in the
consciousness of societies, which over thousands of years encountered
their culture, I felt it necessary to go back until 63 B.C. when the
processes, as a result of which the scattering of the Jewish
community all over the known world, launched. The enormity of the
material, which I was to face, caused that "Jews"
chapter, which should preserve a reasonable proportion to the issue,
may shock the reader with its selectiveness and brevity of
information, and it so much has outgrown the appropriate size for
this publication. So, I decided to include here only a small fragment
of the text devoted to the "Protocols
of the Elders of Zion".
The whole text can be found on the website http://tdnwo.blogspot.com/
.
I've
tried to verify all theses and information contained in this
publication each time on the base of at least two different, the most
desirably, opposing sources, but as this work has no scientific
ambitions, and its main theme is, after all, conspiracy theories, I
decided to use almost exclusively the data in the network, which is
now the main forum for conspiracy theory of history. Therefore, the
content of the entire text must contain a large number of
half-truths, overinterpretations and the total absurdities.
At
the beginning I assumed that in order to construct this essay I'll
use the patchwriting technique, described by Kenneth Goldsmith in The
Chronicle of Higher Education,
and raised to the rank of a fully-fledged literary methods by
American writer and lecturer Jonathan Letham. It involves combining
other people's texts, verbatim paraphrased or taken over, in the
style of a coherent whole. According to the two men, contrary to
appearances, it is a culmination of the long lasting and stimulating
creativity, tradition of stealing, citing, copying and imitating
which is present in the culture from the beginning of its existence.
Ultimately,
I failed to realize this objective and this text – with some
exceptions – is deprived of borrowings copied directly from the
sources provided in the end.
In
the end I was to explain the origin of the title "Episode
IV", which
exist in the longer version of the text on internet website, but
ultimately I have abandoned this intention.xv
Tomasz Daniec
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Internet sources: June 26 – August 28, 2012.
Translated
by Marek Oktawian Bulanowski
